http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis
While the United States recognized Chiang's government as the sole
legitimate government for all of China, President Harry Truman announced on
January 5, 1950 that the United States would not become involved in the
dispute of Taiwan Strait and would not intervene in the event of an attack
by the PRC. However, after the outbreak of the Korean War on June 25, 1950,
Truman declared the "neutralization of the Straits of Formosa" and sent the
Seventh Fleet of the United States Navy into the Strait to prevent any
conflict between the Republic of China and the PRC, effectively putting
Taiwan under American protection.
In June of 1950, President Truman issued the following statement[1]:
The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt that communism has
passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will
now use armed invasion and war. It has defied the orders of the Security
Council of the United Nations issued to preserve international peace and
security. In these circumstances the occupation of Formosa by Communist
forces would be a direct threat to the security of the Pacific area and to
United States forces performing their lawful and necessary functions in that
area. Accordingly I have ordered the 7th Fleet to prevent any attack on
Formosa. As a corollary of this action I am calling upon the Chinese
Government on Formosa to cease all air and sea operations against the
mainland. The 7th Fleet will see that this is done. The determination of the
future status of Formosa must await the restoration of security in the
Pacific, a peace settlement with Japan, or consideration by the United
Nations.'
President Truman later ordered John Foster Dulles, then Foreign Policy
Advisor to the Secretary of State, to carry out his decision on neutralizing
Taiwan in drafting the Treaty of Peace with Japan of 1951 which excluded
the participation of both the ROC and PRC. No recipient was specified in the
treaty of Taiwan's sovereignty, which supporters of Taiwan independence
have used to argue for their position [2]. According to independence
supporter George H. Kerr's Formosa Betrayed, Taiwan's political status was
under the trust of the Allied Powers and later the UN if it could not be
solved in near future as designed in the treaty.
The Kuomintang maintained as its goal the objective of invading the mainland
and renewing the civil war in order to overthrow the People's Republic of
China and liberate China from Communist rule in favour of rule by the
Kuomintang. Truman and his advisors regarded this goal as an unrealizable
fantasy but the Truman Administration was criticized by anti-Communists for
preventing any attempt by Chiang Kai-shek's forces to liberate mainland
China.
Truman, a Democrat did not run in the 1952 presidential election which was
won by Republican Dwight Eisenhower. On February 2, 1953, the new President
lifted the Seventh Fleet's blockade in order to fulfill demands by anti-
Communists to "unleash Chiang Kai-shek" on the mainland.
In August 1954, the Nationalists placed 58,000 troops on Quemoy and 15,000
troops on Matsu. The ROC began building defensive structures and the PRC
began shelling ROC installations on Quemoy. Zhou Enlai, Premier of the
People's Republic of China responded with a declaration on August 11, 1954
that Taiwan must be "liberated." He dispatched the People's Liberation Army
(PLA) and began shelling both Quemoy and Matsu.
Despite warnings from the U.S. against any attacks on the Republic of China
the People's Liberation Army unleashed heavy artillery bombardment of Quemoy
on September 3 and intensified its actions in November by bombing the
Tachen Islands. Since the PRC was not recognized by United States Department
of State at the time, Chiang Kai Shek was the only leader they could
negotiate with. Chiang Kai Shek had to be supported by the United States
because the ROC had become an important ally in the vicinity of South East
Asia.
On September 12, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff recommended the use of
nuclear weapons against mainland China. Eisenhower, however, resisted
pressure to use nuclear weapons or involve American troops in the conflict.
However, on December 2, 1954, the United States and the ROC agreed to a
mutual defense treaty which did not apply to islands along the Chinese
mainland. The treaty was ratified by the United States Senate on February 9,
1955.
The PLA seized Yijiangshan Islands on January 18, 1955. Fighting continued
along the coast of the Chinese mainland and on Matsu and Kinmen islands. On
January 29, 1955 the Formosa Resolution was approved by both houses of the
United States Congress authorizing Eisenhower to use U.S. forces to defend
the ROC and its possessions in the Taiwan Strait against armed attack.
In February, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill warned the U.S.
against using nuclear weapons but in March, United States Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles stated publicly that the U.S. was seriously considering
a nuclear strike. In response, NATO foreign ministers warned at a meeting of
the alliance against such action. In late March, U.S. Admiral Robert B.
Carney said that Eisenhower is planning "to destroy Red China's military
potential."
[edit] Aftermath
The PRC backed down in the face of American nuclear brinksmanship and in
light of the lack of willingness by the Soviet Union to threaten nuclear
retaliation for an attack on the PRC. The PRC government stated on April 23,
1955 that it was willing to negotiate. On May 1 the PLA ceased shelling
Quemoy and Matsu after losing an estimated minimum of 20,000 soldiers, and
most of its landing craft. Today, the PRC government still has not yet
released the official casulties of the 823 incident. The fundamental issues
of the conflict remained unresolved, however, and both sides subsequently
built up their military forces on their respective sides of the Taiwan
Strait leading to a new crisis three years later. There are strong
indications that Mao used the crisis in order to provoke the United States
into making nuclear threats. He used these threats to pressure Stalin into
giving PRC the atom bomb technology it needed to become a major world power.
wiki 上美国第七舰队介入台海的前后及起端。说得很清楚，中国还没有出兵朝鲜，美国就已经出兵到台湾海峡。 所以朝鲜和台湾并没有特别紧密地联系
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